Automobiles Emit Pollutant Found In Tobacco Smoke

Automobile emissions are a significant source of the once-overlooked urban pollutant isocyanic acid, Canadian researchers report. The scientists estimate that city traffic releases the chemical at levels high enough to possibly trigger health problems in people (Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, DOI: 10.1021/es401127j).

Toxicologists have studied isocyanic acid (HNCO) in the blood of people who smoke tobacco products and linked it to health problems such as cataracts, rheumatoid arthritis, and hardened arteries. The molecule reacts with amine groups on proteins through a process called carbamylation. These modifications cause the proteins to unfold, which then triggers a damaging inflammatory response.

Atmospheric chemists have only recently started to study isocyanic acid, with the help of a new type of mass spectrometer sensitive to gaseous acids. They detected isocyanic acid for the first time in wood and tobacco smoke (C&EN, May 23, 2011, page 32). Measurements of the air around Boulder, Colo., found levels of isocyanic acid of up to 200 parts per trillion by volume. The researchers note that its presence could be attributed to nearby wildfires that were burning at the time.

“We thought that if forest fires can produce isocyanic acid, it was likely that vehicles could produce it, too,” says John Liggio, a research scientist with Environment Canada. To estimate how much, Liggio and his colleagues ran a light-duty diesel engine from a passenger car in their lab and used the acid-sensitive mass spectrometer to measure pollutants in the exhaust. They next calculated the ratio between isocyanic acid and carbon monoxide. Using data on annual carbon monoxide releases from vehicles, the researchers estimated that light-duty diesel vehicles emit roughly 6 metric tons of isocyanic acid per year across Canada.

The scientists also measured levels of the acid in the air near a major roadway in Toronto. On the basis of those measurements, they estimated that all vehicular traffic generates 770 metric tons of isocyanic acid per year throughout Canada. The large difference between the lab-based and field-based estimates suggests that “a lot more vehicles than just light-duty diesels are releasing isocyanic acid,” Liggio says.

Joost de Gouw of the University of Colorado, Boulder, who developed the technique to measure isocyanic acid, points out that the concentrations measured in Toronto’s air in 2012 spiked as high as 990 ppt by volume. That concentration approaches an amount of inhaled isocyanic acid, estimated at 1 ppb by volume, that could lead to levels in the blood that favor protein carbamylation.