Sulfur Polymers Could Enable Long-Lasting, High-Capacity Batteries

Lithium-sulfur batteries promise to store four to five times as much energy as today’s best lithium-ion batteries. But some major practical hurdles have stood in the way of their commercialization. Now researchers demonstrate that a sulfur-based polymer could be the solution for lightweight, inexpensive batteries that store large amounts of energy (ACS Macro Lett. 2014, DOI: 10.1021/mz400649w).

Lithium-sulfur batteries aren’t practical because they don’t last. “Lithium-ion batteries can last 1,000 charge cycles, but lithium-sulfur batteries tend to fail before they’re charged 100 times,” says Jeffrey Pyun, a chemist at the University of Arizona. Elemental sulfur in these batteries’ cathodes reacts with lithium ions in the electrolyte to eventually form lithium sulfur salts that deposit and build up on the electrodes. These side reactions deplete the cathode of its sulfur, decreasing the storage capacity of the battery and causing structural problems for the electrodes.

Several groups have extended the lifetimes of lithium-sulfur batteries by trapping the element inside nanomaterials, which prevents it from dissolving from the cathode. Unfortunately these cathode materials are expensive, Pyun says.

He thinks electrodes made from sulfur polymers, like other plastic products, should be inexpensive to manufacture on a large scale. The raw material is abundant: 60 million tons of elemental sulfur are produced each year, mostly during petroleum refining, and there are few uses for it.

Then last year, Pyun’s group reported a way to transform this elemental sulfur into an inexpensive cathode material (Nat. Chem. 2013, DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1624). By heating the sulfur to 185 ºC and then adding an organic compound, 1,3-diisopropenylbenzene, the researchers form a copolymer containing strings of sulfur atoms tangled up with the diisopropenylbenzene. The organic part of the polymer doesn’t store energy or participate in reactions in the battery. Rather, Pyun says, it seems to act as a plasticizer that keeps the lithium-sulfur salts in the reactive mix, rather than in intractable deposits.

In the new study, the team wanted to find the best cathode material recipe and test it in batteries, something they didn’t do in the 2013 paper. They tested 2,032 copolymers, each with different amounts of sulfur, in coin-cell batteries. These batteries resemble those used in wristwatches and are the standard way researchers test new battery designs.

The best performing copolymer consisted of 90% sulfur by mass. Batteries using this copolymer had an initial storage capacity of 1,225 mAh per gram of material. After 100 charge-discharge cycles, the capacity dropped to 1,005 mAh/g, and after 500 cycles it fell to about 635 mAh/g. In comparison, a lithium-ion battery typically starts out with a storage capacity of 200 mAh/g but maintains it for the life of the battery, Pyun says.

To become a commercial product, a battery made with the sulfur polymer will need to have a steady storage capacity throughout its lifetime and be able to last the 1,000 cycles of today’s batteries. To get there, Pyun is experimenting with other kinds of sulfur copolymers that may have better properties.

“This shows that polymeric sulfur is a competitive material” for lithium-sulfur battery electrodes, says Jodie L. Lutkenhaus, a chemical engineer at Texas A&M University. Lutkenhaus, who is also developing polymer battery materials, says that the polymers show promise in other ways besides high storage capacity. Polymer batteries are likely to be cheaper and lighter, and they could enable flexible storage devices for portable electronics. They could even do double duty as a structural material—for example, as an airplane wing or a car door that also stores energy.