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Biological Chemistry

Engineered Bacteria Measure Caffeine Concentrations

Synthetic Biology: Researchers transfer caffeine degradation pathway between bacterial species to produce easy-to-use biosensors

by Melissae Fellet
March 21, 2013

Caffeine Fiends
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Credit: ACS Synth. Biol.
Bacteria engineered to degrade caffeine only grow in media supplemented with caffeinated soda (bottom image). In both photographs, the tube on the left is growth media without soda, and the tube on the right contains media and soda, either caffeinated or decaffeinated (top image). The tube containing caffeinated soda turns cloudy as the bacteria grow.
Two photographs of test tubes containing bacteria growth media next to soda cans.
Credit: ACS Synth. Biol.
Bacteria engineered to degrade caffeine only grow in media supplemented with caffeinated soda (bottom image). In both photographs, the tube on the left is growth media without soda, and the tube on the right contains media and soda, either caffeinated or decaffeinated (top image). The tube containing caffeinated soda turns cloudy as the bacteria grow.

With the growing energy drink craze, people want to know how much caffeine is in their beverages. One team of researchers has developed a unique way to measure caffeine levels. They’ve engineered Escherichia coli so that the bacteria’s growth depends on the concentration of the invigorating compound (ACS Synth. Biol., DOI: 10.1021/sb4000146).

High levels of caffeine can be toxic to some bacteria, but one species called Pseudomonas putida CBB5 has a multienzyme biochemical pathway that degrades the chemical into xanthine and formaldehyde.

For a synthetic biology competition, a student team from the University of Texas, Austin, led by Jeffrey E. Barrick, wanted to transfer that caffeine degradation ability to E. coli. Making such a transfer is not simple, but E. coli is one of the more easy bacterial species to engineer.

The team assembled an engineered genetic package, in part, from P. putida genes for the pathway. They then inserted the package into an E. coli strain unable to make guanine, a DNA base that is necessary for bacterial growth. If the genetic instructions worked, the genes would code for proteins that removed two methyl groups on caffeine to make xanthine, an intermediate in guanine biosynthesis. As a result, these engineered bacteria would only grow in the presence of caffeine.

When the scientists added the bacteria to cultures supplemented with caffeinated sodas, espresso, or energy drinks, the microbes thrived. But nothing grew in cultures lacking the caffeinated beverages. The amount of bacterial growth also was proportional to the amount of caffeine in the culture. Using microbe growth, the researchers measured caffeine levels that mirrored reported values for those beverages.

As caffeine biosensors, Barrick says these bacteria are accurate and simple enough for high school students to use.

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